Every in-text citation must correspond with a full citation on the References page, and vice versa. You can't include a source in your references list if you don't also cite it in your paper.
Parenthetical Citations
Placed at the end of a sentence, before the endmark.
- One author: During the 1700s in America, Black and indigenous people found common ground in how they were treated by white settlers (Mays 2021).
- Two authors: Blended families often create rituals to include new partners in the family (Bureau and Rist 2020).
- Three authors, first mention: The study examined nonlethal violence through the lens of social disorganization theory (Boggess, Powers, and Chamberlain 2018).
- Three authors, secondary mentions: The study examined nonlethal violence through the lens of social disorganization theory (Boggess et al 2018).
- Four or more authors: Data from the Trans*National study was used to investigate discrimination against trans women in the Bay area (Wesson et al. 2021).
Narrative Citations
Narrative in-text citations incorporate citation elements into the text.
- One author: Mays (2021) discusses the commonality between...
- Two authors: Bureau and Rist (2020) note the struggle to create new rituals...
- Three authors, first mention: Boggess, Powers and Chamberlain (2018) discuss this theory...
- Three authors, secondary mentions: Boggess et al (2018) discuss this theory...
- Four or more authors: Wesson et al. (2021) investigated...
Direct Quotations
For direct quotes, the page number is separated from the year of publication by a colon.
- During the 1700s in America, Black and indigenous people found common ground in their "dispossession and enslavement" (Mays 2021:125).
